Canada has expanded access to citizenship by descent after Bill C-3 (An Act to amend the Citizenship Act (2025)) took effect on December 15, 2025, updating how citizenship applies to people born or adopted outside Canada.
Under the new framework, people born before December 15, 2025 who would have been Canadian citizens if not for the first-generation limit (or other outdated rules) are now recognized as Canadians and can apply for proof of citizenship (a citizenship certificate).
For children born or adopted on or after December 15, 2025, citizenship can extend beyond the first generation in certain cases, provided the Canadian parent can show a “substantial connection” to Canada—including at least 1,095 days (three years) of physical presence in Canada before the child’s birth or adoption.
The government is advising applicants to review official guidance and confirm which rules apply to their situation—especially based on whether the birth/adoption happened before or on/after December 15, 2025—before submitting a request for proof of citizenship.